Probiotics may enhance lung function and reduce inflammation in COPD, indicating their potential as a supplementary treatment. Additional clinical trials are essential to confirm their efficacy and safety.

Nebulized N-acetylcysteine effectively reduces phlegm symptoms in COPD patients over 12 weeks, demonstrating safety and satisfaction, with minimal adverse events and no serious drug reactions reported.

Patients with COPD exhibit a significantly higher risk of various cardiovascular diseases, necessitating vigilant monitoring and targeted interventions to improve their management and preventive strategies.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence in East Africa is estimated at 13.322%, highlighting a significant health concern that necessitates preventive measures.